Home Articles & Books Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary
IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN
PLANTS OF THE BIBLE
The land which God promised to Abraham and his descendants was
extremely fertile. Because of its diverse climate, the world of
the Bible contained many varieties of plants. Botanists have
identified 3,500 species of plant life in Palestine and Syria.
Plants or plant products are mentioned in almost every book of the
Bible.
The flora of the Bible has been the subject of much discussion
and research. Accurately identifying many of these plants has
taken many years of scientific research. The Bible writers were
not botanists, and they seldom bothered to describe or identify
the plants they mentioned.
In the 16th century Levinus Lemmens wrote the first book on
the plants of Scripture. It was not until the middle of the 18th
century, however, that a botanist traveled to Palestine for
firsthand knowledge of its vegetation. Since then much valuable
information has been learned about the plants of the Bible.
Many of the Bible writers often used general terms to refer to
plants. Sometimes a reference is no more specific than "tree,"
"grass," or "grain." Even if an individual grain such as "corn" or
"wheat" is named, it is referring to all grains in general.
Although many types of flowers grow in Palestine and other
Bible lands, very few are mentioned by name in the Bible. Some of
the flowers found in the Holy Land are irises, roses, anemones,
lilies, tulips, hyacinths, and narcissus.
Some of the other general terms referring to plant life
include bush, herb, grass, cockle, fruit, and verdure.
The Hebrew people were certain that God provided the Promised
Land for their use, but they were not careful to take good care of
it. The land was cultivated continuously for thousands of years
without rest until much of the soil was depleted and many areas
became devastated wastelands. The great forests of Lebanon and
Hermon were eventually destroyed and the soil was eroded. The
people of that time did not know how to manage their environment
intelligently. Eventually the land that once flowed with "milk and
honey" became barren of much of its vegetation. Today many of
these barren regions of the Holy Land are being turned again into
fertile farmland. Effort is being made to restore the richness of
the land as God intended it to be.
The following specific plants are mentioned in the Bible. This
listing is keyed to the NKJV, but variant names from five
additional popular translations-- KJV, NASB, NEB, NIV, and RSV--
are cross-referenced throughout the listing. (from Nelson's
Illustrated Bible Dictionary) (Copyright (C) 1986, Thomas Nelson
Publishers)
Acacia. A large thorny tree with rough gnarled bark. The
orange-brown wood was hard-grained, and it repelled insects. It
bore long locust-like pods with seeds inside and produced round,
fragrant clusters of yellow blossoms. Many species of acacia grew
in the desert of Sinai, in southern Palestine, and in Egypt.
Acacia wood was used to build the ark of the covenant and the
first tabernacle (Ex. 36:20; 37:1). The acacia is called shittim
and shittah in the KJV (Ex. 25:5,10; Is. 41:19).
Algum, Almug. A large leguminous tree native to India and
Ceylon. While its identity is uncertain, many consider it to be
the red sandlewood. Its blossoms were pea-like, and its wood was
close grained, dark outside, and red within. It was highly
scented, making it resistant to insects. Most authorities believe
that algum and almug are two forms of the same wood.
Solomon ordered the algum wood from Ophir and Lebanon (1 Kin.
10:11-12; 2 Chr. 9:10-11). The wood was well suited for making
musical instruments, cabinet work, and pillars for the Temple.
Almond. A large tree resembling the peach tree in both size
and fruit. The almond was chiefly valued for the nuts it produced,
which were used for making oil used in the home and as medicine.
The Hebrew word for almond means "awakening," an allusion to the
almond blossom, which is first to bloom in the spring. The
almond's pinkish-white blossoms always appear before its leaves.
The almond played an important role in the history of the
Hebrews. Jacob included almond nuts in his gifts to Joseph in
Egypt (Gen. 43:11). The decorations on the lampstands were modeled
after the almond blossom (Ex. 25:33), and Aaron's rod was an
almond twig (Num. 17:8). The almond also symbolized the
dependability of God (Jer. 1:11-12). Many scholars think the hazel
of (Genesis 30:37) Kjv is the almond tree.
Almug (see Algum).
Aloes. Two plants, one a tree and the other e flower
1. The aloes mentioned in (Psalm 45:8; Proverbs 7:17), and
(Song of Solomon 4:14) came from a large tree known as
"eaglewood," a plant native to India. The wood of the aloe tree is
fragrant and highly valued for perfume and incense. Many
authorities believe the lign aloe to be the same tree (Num. 24:6),
Kjv.
2. The aloes brought by Nicodemus to wrap the body of Jesus
(John 19:39) were probably the true aloes of the lily family, a
beautiful plant with thick, fleshy leaves and red flowers. The
aloin derived from the pulp of the aloe leaf was an expensive
product used in embalming.
Amaranth. A large family of plants that includes weeds and
garden plants. Goodspeed translates the amaranth, also called the
"rolling thing," of (Isaiah 7:13) as the tumbleweed. It is also
called the "resurrection plant" and the "rose of Jericho." The
Greek word for amaranth means "unfading." This describes the
bloom's ability to retain its color when dried. This meaning is
used symbolically in (1 Peter 1:4) and (5:4), where the inheritance
of the faithful is described as unfading. Thus, the amaranth
became a symbol of immortality.
Anise. An annual herb which bears yellow flowers and fragrant
seeds. The anise mentioned in the Bible is generally thought to be
dill. Anise (dill) was used as medicine and for cooking. It grows
in Palestine today both cultivated and wild.
Jesus used the anise as an illustration when He scolded the
Pharisees for keeping part of the law in detail while ignoring the
rest (Matt. 23:23); (also (Deut. 14:22)).
Apple. A tree that grows about 9 meters (30 feet) high and has
rough bark and pink blossoms. Many authorities believe the apple
of Scripture actually is the apricot, a native of Armenia. Other
authorities suggest the quince, peach, citron, orange, or some
other fruit; some believe it was the apple.
The apple was described as sweet and fragrant (Song 7:8);
(apricot, NEB), golden (Prov. 25:11), and suitable for shade (Song
2:3). This fruit was used figuratively to show how precious we are
to God, and how extremely sensitive He is to our needs (Deut.
32:10; Ps. 17:8; Lam. 2:18; Zech. 2:8).
Apricot (see Apple).
Ash (see Pine).
Aspen (see Mulberry).
Asphodel (see Rose).
Balm (see Balsam).
Balsam. A thorny tree growing 3 to 5 meters (10-15 feet) tall
with clusters of green flowers, also known as the Jericho balsam.
Some think the lentisk or mastic tree, a shrubby evergreen growing
one to three meters (3-10 feet) tall, is meant.
Balsam was highly valued during Bible times (Gen. 37:25;
43:11; Jer. 8:22; 46:11; 51:8; Ezek. 27:17). It produced a
fragrant, resinous gum called balm. This was an article of export
(Gen. 37:25) and was given as a gift by Jacob (Gen. 43:11). Balm
was used as a symbol in (Jeremiah 8:22) to refer to spiritual
healing.
Barley. A grain known since early times. It was well adapted
to varied climates, ripening quickly and resistant to heat; it
usually was harvested before wheat. Because barley was considered
a food for slaves and the very poor, however, it was held in low
esteem as a grain.
In the Bible barley was first associated with Egypt (Ex.
9:31). It was used as an offering of jealousy (Num. 5:15), for
fodder (1 Kin. 4:28), and for food (Judg. 7:13; John 6:5,13).
Bay Tree. The laurel, a tree native to Canaan. The laurel grew
to heights of 12 to 18 meters (40-60 feet) and produced small
greenish-white flowers and black berries. Parts of the tree were
used in medicine, while its leaves were used as seasoning. The
Hebrew word means "a tree in its native soil"; this was a fitting
way for David to describe the natural prosperity of the wicked
(Ps. 37:35), (KJV; native green tree, NKJV).
Beans. A hardy plant about one meter (three feet) tall with
pea-shaped fragrant blooms, large pods and black or brown beans,
which were eaten alone or cooked with meat. Beans have always been
an important part of the Hebrew diet, especially among the poor,
and they have been known since ancient times. When beans were
threshed and cleaned, they were often mixed with grains for bread
(Ezek. 4:9).
Bitter Weed (see Wormwood).
Black Cumin (see Cumin; Fitches).
Box Tree. A tree of very hard wood and glossy leaves, which
grew to a height of about 6 meters (20 feet). A native of northern
Palestine and the Lebanon mountains, the box tree was well suited
to beautify the Temple (Is. 60:13). The box tree was used since
Roman times for wood engravings and musical instruments. Isaiah
symbolically used the box tree, along with other trees, to remind
the Hebrews of God's perpetual presence (Is. 41:17-20).
Some scholars have suggested that the box tree of Scripture
may instead be the cypress or plane. Also see Chestnut.
Bramble (see Thistle Thorns).
Brier (see Thistle Thorns).
Broom. A dense, twiggy bush, almost leafless, which grew to
about 3.6 meters (12 feet). It has small white blooms. Common in
the desert regions of Palestine, Arabia, and Egypt, it was used as
charcoal (Ps. 120:4) and provided shade for the prophet Elijah (1
Kin. 19:4-5). The roots which Job ate were not from the broom,
which was not edible, but may have been an edible parasite which
infested the bush (Job 30:4). The broom is sometimes referred to
as juniper in the NKJV, KJV, and NASB. Many scholars believe this
to be the shrub or heath referred to in (Jeremiah 17:6) and (48:6).
Bud (see Gourd).
Bulrush (see Reed Rush).
Calamus. A fragrant, reed-like grass growing along streams and
river banks (Song 4:14), also referred to as sweet cane (Is.
43:24; Jer. 6:20). Calamus leaves are fragrant and ginger-flavored
when crushed. It is named with other aromatic substances (Ezek.
27:19) and as one ingredient for the anointing oil (Ex. 30:23). It
is believed to be a plant native to India (Jer. 6:20). Also see
Reed Rush.
Camel-thorn (see Cypress).
Camphire (see Henna).
Cane (see Calamus; Reed Rush).
Caperberry. A plant with large white, berry-producing flowers,
which grows in clefts of rocks and on walls. Only the NEB and NASB
refer to the caper. Other versions translate the Hebrew word as
"desire" (Eccl. 12:5). Also see Hyssop.
Caraway (see Cumin).
Cassia. A plant with a flavor and aroma similar to cinnamon,
but considered inferior. Some believe it could be the Indian
perfume, orris. Moses included cassia in the anointing oil (Ex.
30:24). It was also an article of trade (Ezek. 27:19).
Cedar. An evergreen tree which sometimes grows more than 30
meters (100 feet) tall with a trunk circumference of 12 to 15
meters (40-50 feet). It grows in western Asia, the Himalayas, and
Cyprus as well as Lebanon.
The cedar's fragrant wood was rot-resistant and knot-free,
making it ideal for building purposes (2 Sam. 5:11; 1 Kin. 6:9),
ship building (Ezek. 27:5), and fashioning idols (Is. 44:14). The
reference to cedar in (Leviticus 14:4) and (Numbers 19:6) is
generally understood to be the juniper which grew in the Sinai.
Also see Fir; Pine.
Chestnut. A tree of Syria and Lebanon thought by many scholars
to be the plane tree. It grew to a height of about 21 to 27 meters
(70-90 feet) and had a massive trunk. This tree is translated
chestnut in the NKJV and KJV, but is translated plane by the RSV,
NIV, NEB, and NASB.
Cinnamon. A member of the laurel family, the cinnamon tree
grew to be more than 9 meters (30 feet) tall with white flowers
and wide-spreading branches. A native of Ceylon, the cinnamon tree
produced bark and oil which was used for the anointing oil (Ex.
30:23) and as perfume (Prov. 7:17; Rev. 18:13).
Citron. A fragrant wood from the sandarac tree. Citron is
sometimes referred to as "sweet" or "scented" wood. The sandarac
tree grew to a height of no more than about 9 meters (30 feet)
tall. Citron is translated as thyme by the KJV (Rev. 18:12).
Coriander. An annual herb, growing from one-half to one meter
(two to three feet) tall, which produced grayish seeds used to
flavor foods, for confections, and in medicine. The dried leaves
of coriander were also used to flavor foods.
Corn (see Wheat).
Crocus (see Rose; Saffron).
Cucumber. A climbing vine which produces vegetables. The
cucumber was one of the vegetables which the Israelites longed for
after leaving Egypt (Num. 11:5).
Cumin. An annual seed-producing herb with pinkish-white
blooms. Cumin is native to the eastern Mediterranean lands. When
harvested, cumin was threshed with sticks (Is. 28:25,27), a method
still used today. Cumin was used to flavor foods, in medicine, and
was subject to the tithe (Matt. 23:23).
The NKJV also mentions black cumin, which is translated dill
(RSV, NEB, NASB), caraway (NIV), and fitches Kjv.
Cypress. A tall evergreen tree of hard and durable wood.
Cypress wood was suitable for building, and was used to fashion
idols (Is. 44:14). The word rendered gopherwood by the NKJV, KJV,
RSV, and NASB in (Genesis 6:14) is thought to be cypress. This was
the wood which Noah used to build his ark. The word for cypress is
also rendered as camelthorn (Is. 55:13) and ilex (Is. 44:14) by
the NEB.
Darnel (see Tares).
Date Palm (see Palm).
Dill (see Anise; Cumin).
Dove Droppings Dove Dung. A bulbous plant which was edible
after being boiled or roasted. Dove's dung was mentioned as food
eaten during the siege of Samaria (2 Kin. 6:25). Some believe this
was excrement from pigeons and doves, while others interpret it as
an edible plant (seed pods, NIV; locust-beans, NEB).
Dove dung was also referred to as the Star of Bethlehem.
Syrians are known to have used this plant as food. Also see
Locust.
Ebony. A large tree which produces edible fruit similar to the
persimmon. The hard, black wood from the inner portion of the tree
is quite valuable and is used for fine furniture. It is also known
to have been inlaid with ivory. Idols were sometimes carved from
ebony wood.
Elm (see Terebinth).
Fig. A fruit-producing plant which could be either a tall tree
or a low-spreading shrub. The size of the tree depended on its
location and soil. The blooms of the fig tree always appear before
the leaves in spring. When Jesus saw leaves on a fig tree, He
expected the fruit (Mark 11:12-14,20-21). There were usually two
crops of figs a year.
Figs were eaten fresh (2 Kin. 18:31), pressed into cakes (1
Sam. 25:18), and used as a poultice (Is. 38:21). Jeremiah used the
fig tree as a symbol of desolation (Jer. 8:13). It also signified
security and hope for Adam and Eve (Gen. 3:7), the 12 spies (Num.
13:23), and the poets and prophets.
Fir. An evergreen tree of uncertain identity. Although this
tree is mentioned several times in Scripture, biblical authorities
question whether this was the true fir or some other evergreen of
Palestine. Many suggest the aleppo pine would fit this
description, while others think the cypress, juniper, or cedar
could be meant.
The Israelites valued the timber of the fir tree for building
the Temple (1 Kin. 6:15), Kjv, for ship building (Ezek. 27:5), and
for making musical instruments (2 Sam. 6:5). The fir is used
symbolically to describe the blessings of God for His people (Is.
41:19; 55:13), Kjv.
Fitches. Two different plants mentioned in the KJV
1. An annual herb one-half meter (one to two feet) tall with
finely cut leaves and blue flowers, which produces black poppy
seeds used in curries and sprinkled on breads. It is translated
black cumin in the NKJV (Is. 28:25,27).
2. A plant apparently mislabeled by the KJV in (Ezekiel 4:9).
The correct identification is spelt. Also see Spelt.
Flag (see Reed Rush).
Flax. A plant growing one meter (three feet) tall with pale
blue flowers, and used for making cloth. When mature, the entire
flax plant was pulled and placed in water to separate the fibers
from the stems. It was then laid on housetops to dry (Josh. 2:6),
and later woven into linen. Flax was also used as wicks for lamps
in Bible times (Is. 42:3). Also see Reed Rush.
Frankincense. An aromatic gum resin obtained from the
Boswellia tree. These trees are large with small, white,
star-shaped flowers and leaves resembling the mountain ash. The
gum is obtained by cutting into the bark and collecting the resin
from the tree. When this substance hardens, it is gathered and
used as incense.
Frankincense was part of the sacred anointing oil (Ex. 30:34).
It was used in sacrificial offering (Lev. 2:1), as a fumigant
during animal sacrifices (Ex. 30:7), and as perfume (Song 3:6). It
was a gift to baby Jesus (Matt. 2:11).
The trees are native to India, Arabia, and Africa. Palestine
probably obtained this product through foreign trade (Is. 60:6).
Galbanum. The gum from an herb which grew one to one and
one-half meters (three to five feet) high and had greenish-white
flowers. Galbanum was the milky substance extracted from the stems
which quickly hardened. It was used in perfume and anointing oil
(Ex. 30:34).
Gall. A bitter, poisonous herb. This may have been the poppy
or some other wild poisonous plant. Gall is used figuratively to
mean a bitter punishment (Jer. 8:14; 9:15; 23:15) or any bitter
experience (Acts 8:23). Gall and vinegar were offered to Jesus on
the cross (Matt. 27:34), but He refused the drink.
Garlic. A strong-flavored herb, resembling the onion. Garlic
was eaten with bread and used to flavor food and is still highly
favored today. Garlic was highly esteemed in Egypt and was
believed to have been used as wages for the workers who built the
pyramids. The Hebrews yearned for garlic after leaving Egypt (Num.
1:5).
Gopherwood (see Cypress).
Gourd. A fast-growing shrub which grew to a height of three to
four meters (10-12 feet). One of Elisha's servants put the fruit
of the gourd into a pot of stew (2 Kin. 4:39).
The gourd (Jon. 4:6-10); (KJV, NEB) is identified as the plant
under which Jonah found shade. Some biblical scholars suggest this
may have been pumpkin, squash, or ivy.
Many types of wild gourds also flourished in the Mediterranean
region. Some of these were poisonous. The decorations used on the
Temple called ornamental buds (1 Kin. 6:18; 7:24) are thought to
be a type of wild gourd.
Grapes. A luscious fruit cultivated on vines. Large clusters
of grapes weighing about five kilograms (12 pounds) each (Num.
13:23) have been reported in Palestine.
Grapes were used in a variety of ways. They were eaten fresh
or dried and were made into wine or vinegar. Dried grapes were
called raisins. The first suggestion of grapes in Scripture was in
connection with Noah's vineyard (Gen. 9:20).
The soil and climate of Palestine was well suited for
vineyards, where grapes were grown. They were cultivated here long
before the Israelites occupied the land (Gen. 14:18). The
vineyards of Palestine produced immense clusters of grapes (Num.
13:20,23-24).
Vineyards were hedged or fenced as protection from wild
animals (Song 2:15). In each vineyard a tower was erected and a
guard placed to protect the vines from robbers (Matt. 21:33).
Vinedressers were hired to care for the vines and prune them
yearly (Lev. 25:3; Is. 61:5). The grapes were gathered in baskets
in September and October with much festivity (Judg. 9:27; Is.
16:10). Provision was made for the poor to glean the fields (Lev.
19:10; Deut. 24:21). The choicest grapes were dried or eaten fresh
and the rest were placed in presses to extract the juice (Is.
61:5; Hos. 9:2-4). This was drunk fresh or fermented.
Jesus alluded to His relationship with His followers by
referring to Himself as the vine and to them as the branches (John
15:5). The fruit of the vine symbolized Jesus' shed blood (Matt.
26:27-29). He also used the vineyard in many of His parables
(Matt. 9:17; 20:1-6; 21:28-32; Luke 13:6-9).
Hazel (see Almond).
Heath (see Broom).
Hemlock. A poisonous plant that grows to about two meters
(five feet) tall and has small white flowers. Hemlock is referred
to only once in the NKJV (Hos. 10:4). Other translations use the
more general term weeds. Also see Wormwood.
Henna. A plant used to produce a valuable orange-red dye. It
was two to three meters (seven to ten feet) tall and bore fragrant
white flowers. Solomon compared his beloved to a cluster of henna
(Song 1:14; 4:13); (camphire, KJV).
Hyssop. A species of marjoram and a member of the mint family.
Hyssop was an aromatic shrub under one meter (three feet) tall
with clusters of yellow flowers. It grew in rocky crevices and was
cultivated on terraced walls (1 Kin. 4:33). Bunches of hyssop were
used to sprinkle blood on the doorposts in Egypt (Ex. 12:22), and
in purification ceremonies (Lev. 14:4,6, 51-52). David mentioned
it as an instrument of inner cleansing (Ps. 51:7). It was used at
the crucifixion to relieve Jesus' thirst (John 19:29).
The hyssop was very similar to the caper plant. It is
sometimes rendered marjoram by the NEB.
Ilex (see Cypress).
Juniper (see Broom).
Laurel (see Bay Tree).
Leek. A bulbous vegetable resembling the onion which grows 15
centimeters (about six inches) high. The stems and bulbs of leeks
were eaten raw and used to flavor foods. Named with garlic and
onions, the leek was a food which the Hebrew people ate in Egypt
(Num. 11:5).
Lentil. A small annual plant with white, violet-striped
flowers. The seeds of lentils grew in pods similar to the pea.
During Bible times lentil was threshed like wheat and boiled into
a reddish-brown pottage. This was the dish which Esau purchased
with his birthright (Gen. 25:34). Lentils could also be used as an
ingredient for bread (Ezek. 4:9).
Lign Aloe (see Aloe).
Lily. A flower with white or rosy-purple blooms measuring up
to 30 centimeters (12 inches) across. Many scholars think the lily
is sometimes a term applied to flowers in general. Others believe
specific types such as the Turks Cap, the Madonna, or the lotus is
referred to.
The lily was used as an ornament for the Temple (1 Kin. 7:22).
The Beloved and the Shulamite used lilies to describe their love
(Song 2:1; 2:16; 4:5; 5:13; 6:3).
Locust. An evergreen tree growing about 6 to 9 meters (20-30
feet) tall and having small glossy leaves. A native of Syria and
Palestine, it bears long pods known as carob or locust beans (Luke
15:16); (husks, KJV). These may have been used for food in dire
circumstances (2 Kin. 6:25), (NEB).
Lotus (see Lily). (from Nelson's Illustrated Bible
Dictionary) (Copyright (C) 1986, Thomas Nelson Publishers) PLANTS
OF THE BIBLE (M TO Z)
Mallow. A shrub growing one and one-half to three meters (five
to ten feet) high and having thick succulent leaves and small
purple flowers. The Hebrew word for mallow means "salt plant." It
thrived in dry, salty regions especially around the Dead Sea.
Although the leaves were sour and had little nutritive value, they
were boiled and eaten by the poor in dire circumstances.
Mentioned only once in the Bible (Job 30:4), mallow is also
translated as salt herbs in the NIV and saltwort in the NEB.
Mandrake. A fruit-producing plant with dark green leaves and
small bluish-purple flowers. The mandrake is a relative of the
potato family which grew abundantly throughout Palestine and the
Mediterranean region.
The yellow fruit of the mandrake was small, sweet-tasting, and
fragrant. It had narcotic qualities and may have been used
medicinally. The fruit of the mandrake was also referred to as the
"love apple." It was considered a love potion.
Marjoram (see Hyssop).
Melon. A type of gourd which bears sweet fruit. Both
cantaloupes and watermelons may have grown along the banks of the
Nile River in Egypt. Melons were used as food and medicine. An
intoxicating drink was made from their juice.
The Hebrews had become accustomed to eating melons and other
tasty foods in Egypt. They looked back on these fondly while in
the wilderness (Num. 1:5). This word is translated watermelon by
the NEB.
Millet. An annual grain-producing grass which was under one
meter (three feet) high and produced many seeds. The seeds of
millet were smaller than other cereal grains. Millet has been
known since ancient times in Palestine and Egypt. It was used for
bread (Ezek. 4:9) and eaten raw, especially by the poor.
Millet is referred to in several different ways in (Ezekiel
27:17). It is translated pannag in the KJV, confections in the
NIV, meal in the NEB, and cakes in the NASB.
Mint. A sweet-smelling herb which grew to a height of one
meter (three feet) and produced spikes of lilac flowers. Mint was
used in medicine and to flavor foods.
Mulberry. A tree which grew to a height of about eight to ten
meters (25-30 feet) and produced red berries. A refreshing drink
was prepared from the fruit. Jesus used the mulberry tree as an
illustration when teaching about faith (Luke 17:6). It is called
sycamine in the KJV and RSV, and aspen in the NEB. The mulberry
trees mentioned in (2 Samuel 5:23-24) and (1 Chronicles 14:14-15)
are believed to be a species of poplar.
Mustard. A plant which grew wild along roadsides and in
fields, reaching a height of about 4.6 meters (15 feet). The black
mustard of Palestine seems to be the species to which Jesus
referred (Matt. 13:31-32; Mark 4:31-32; Luke 13:19). It was
cultivated for its seeds which were used as a condiment and for
oil.
The mustard seed was the smallest seed known in Jesus' day
(Matt. 13:32). Nevertheless, Jesus said that if one has faith as
a mustard seed, he can move mountains (Matt. 17:20) or transplant
a mulberry tree in the sea (Luke 17:6).
Myrrh. An extract from a stiff-branched tree with white
flowers and plum-like fruit. After myrrh was extracted from the
wood, it soon hardened and was valued as an article of trade. It
was an ingredient used in anointing oil (Ex. 30:23), and was used
as perfume (Ps. 45:8; Prov. 7:17; Song 3:6), in purification rites
for women (Esth. 2:12), as a gift for the infant Jesus (Matt.
2:11), and in embalming (John 19:39). According to the Gospel of
Mark (15:23), the drink offered to Jesus before His crucifixion
was "wine mingled with myrrh." Matthew, however, has "sour wine
mingled with gall" (Matt. 27:34).
The reference to myrrh in (Genesis 37:25) and (43:11) is
thought to be ladanum, sometimes called onycha, from a species of
rockrose and not the true myrrh. Also see Onycha.
Myrtle. An evergreen tree with dark glossy leaves and white
flowers. The leaves, flowers, and berries of the myrtle were used
for perfume and as seasoning for food. The myrtle tree had a
religious significance for the Hebrews (Zech. 1:8-11) and was a
symbol of peace and joy. Queen Esther's Hebrew name (Esth. 2:7)
meant myrtle.
Nard (see Spikenard).
Nettle. Two different plants referred to in the Bible:
1. The nettles mentioned in (Isaiah 34:13) and (Hosea 9:6) are
believed to be the true nettle. It is a spiney leaf plant
sometimes growing to a height of about two meters (six feet).
2. The nettles referred to in (Job 30:7) and (Proverbs 24:31)
are considered by some to be the acanthus, a stinging plant common
in Palestine.
The nettles of (Zephaniah 2:9) Kjv are translated weeds by the
NKJV.
Oak. A large tree with a massive trunk that grew abundantly in
Palestine and the surrounding countries. Many Hebrew words refer
to the oak. Some scholars think these words could have referred to
any large tree such as the terebinth or elm.
The oak tree was an important historical landmark to the
Hebrews. Some specific oak trees are mentioned in the Bible. These
include the oaks of Bashan (Is. 2:13; Zech. 11:2), the oak of
Bethel (Gen. 35:8), (KJV; terebinth tree, NKJV), and the oaks of
Mamre (Gen. 13:18), (RSV; terebinth trees, NKJV).
Oak wood was also used in shipbuilding (Ezek. 27:6), and for
fashioning idols (Is. 44:14). Also see Tamarisk; Terebinth.
Oil Tree. A tree of uncertain identity. Many oil-producing
trees mentioned in the Bible could be identified as the oil tree.
Many authorities believe the oleaster or wild olive is the tree
meant. It grew to a height of about 4.5 to 6 meters (15-20 feet)
and produced small bitter fruit resembling an olive. The oleaster
yielded an inferior oil which was used medicinally.
The oil tree of (Isaiah 41:19) is translated olive tree in the
RSV, NIV, NEB, and NASB. Also see Olive.
Olive. A fruit-bearing tree about six meters (20 feet) tall
with a gnarled, twisted trunk, white flowers, and berries that
ripen to a black color. The olive tree grew slowly and continued
to bear fruit after reaching a great age. Before it died, new
branches sprouted from its roots.
The fruit was harvested by beating the boughs of the olive
tree with a stick (Deut. 24:20), or by shaking the tree (Is.
17:6). The ripe fruit was enjoyed fresh or the green fruit was
often pickled or made into a relish.
The best oil was obtained from the green olive fruit. It was
used as fuel for lamps (Ex. 27:20), as anointing oil (Lev. 2:1),
as an article of commerce (1 Kin. 5:11), and for dressing wounds
(Luke 10:34).
Olive trees were cultivated in groves or orchards (Ex. 23:11;
Josh. 24:13). The most famous olive garden mentioned in the Bible
is Gethsemane, meaning "oil press" (Matt. 26:36).
Onion. A plant with a large, edible bulb. The onion is
mentioned only once in the Bible, as one of the foods the Hebrews
longed for in the wilderness (Num. 11:5). The onion was known in
Egypt from ancient times. Drawings of the onion have been found on
Egyptian tombs.
Onycha. A dark brown gum resin which was obtained from the
stem and leaves of a species of the rockrose, also known as
ladanum. Onycha was used as an ingredient in the holy anointing
oil (Ex. 30:34). It was highly valued for its fragrance and
medicinal qualities.
The rockrose was a bush growing to a height of about one meter
(three feet) and having large white flowers measuring eight
centimeters (three inches) across. Some scholars believe the
substance referred to as myrrh in (Genesis 37:25) and (43:11) was
onycha.
Palm. A tree which grew to a height of about 18 to 30 meters
(60-100 feet) and had long feathery leaves (branches; (Neh. 8:15;
John 12:13; Rev. 7:9)). These branches were about two to three
meters (six to eight feet) long and grew from the top of the
trunk. Also called the date palm, this tree is believed to grow
from 100 to 200 years old.
Palm branches were considered a symbol of victory (John 12:13;
Rev. 7:9). Many places in the Bible were identified by the
abundance of palm trees (Ex. 15:27; Deut. 34:3; Judg. 1:16). One
of the Hebrew words for palm, Tamar, was often used as a woman's
name (Gen. 38:6; 2 Sam. 13:1).
Pannag (see Millet).
Papyrus (see Reed Rush).
Pine. An evergreen tree of uncertain identity. Biblical
scholars believe pine refers to either the Brutian or the Aleppo
pine (Is. 41:19; 60:13). The Brutian pine grew to a height of
about 9 to 11 meters (30-35 feet). It is smaller and has longer
needles than the Aleppo pine, which grew to a height of about 27
meters (90 feet). Both trees grew in Lebanon and in Palestine.
Bible scholars are not agreed on the identity of the many
evergreens mentioned in the Bible. Other trees suggested for these
references are the ash, fir, cypress, cedar, or juniper.
Pistachio Nut. A product of the pistacia tree, which was about
nine meters (30 feet) tall with wide spreading branches. The
pistachio nut is about 2.5 centimeters (one inch) long and has a
thin, hard outer shell. The smooth husk or skin which shields the
green kernel is red. These nuts were sweet and considered a
luxury. Jacob included them in the gifts sent to Egypt (Gen.
43:11).
Plane (see Chestnut).
Pomegranate. A round, sweet fruit about ten centimeters (four
inches) across with a hard rind. It is green when young and turns
red when ripe. There are numerous edible seeds inside the
pomegranate.
The pomegranate tree has been cultivated in Palestine and
Egypt since ancient times (Num. 13:23; Deut. 8:8). It grew as a
bush or small tree, sometimes reaching a height of about 9 meters
(30 feet) with small, lance-shaped leaves. The blossoms were
bright red. The fruit usually ripened in August or September.
Pomegranates were highly esteemed during Bible times. The hem
of Aaron's robe was decorated with blue, purple, and red
pomegranates (Ex. 28:33-34; 39:24-26). It was listed among the
pleasant fruits of Egypt (Num. 20:5). Solomon decorated the Temple
with the likeness of the pomegranate (1 Kin. 7:18, 20). A spiced
wine was made from the juice (Song 8:2).
Poplar. A tree which grew to a height of about 9 to 18 meters
(30-60 feet) and had wide spreading branches. The leaves were
green with white undersides. Jacob stripped the bark from poplar
branches to reveal the white wood. This was supposed to control
the color of his cattle (Gen. 30:37).
Hosea refers to the Israelites worshiping idols in the shade
of poplar trees. This brought God's condemnation for their sin
(Hos. 4:13). Also see Willow.
Raisin (see Grapes).
Reed Rush. Gigantic hollow-stemmed grasses which grew along
river banks and in moist areas of Egypt and Palestine. Many
different Hebrew words refer to the marsh plants of the Bible.
They form a large order of plants, such as flax, flags, bulrush,
cane, calamus, and papyrus.
Reeds and rushes grew anywhere from one to six meters (3-20
feet) high and had long, narrow leaves. A cluster of white flowers
formed at the top of each stem.
The reeds were used in various ways, including walking sticks,
fishing poles, musical instruments, and pens. People also used
them for weaving baskets, mats, and for other domestic purposes.
Moses' basket was woven from reeds. Papyrus, a particular reed,
was used to make paper.
Reeds were a symbol of weakness. Jesus refers to them as
shaking in the wind (Matt. 11:7). A reed was placed in Jesus' hand
as He was mocked by the Roman soldiers (Matt. 27:29).
Rose. The name of two different plants of the Bible:
1. Most authorities think that the rose referred to in (Song
of Solomon 2:1) and (Isaiah 35:1) is not what we know as the rose
today, but a low-growing bulbous plant producing from two to four
yellow flowers on each stalk. This flower is noted for its
fragrance. Other scholars have suggested the mountain tulip,
anemone, saffron, or crocus as the flower in question. All of
these flowers grew wild in Palestine. This particular flower is
translated crocus by the RSV, NIV, and NASB (Is. 35:1) and asphodel
by the NEB (Song 2:1; Is. 35:2). The flower we call the "Rose of
Sharon" is a native of China and is not the one mentioned by
Solomon (Song 2:1).
2. The rose of (Ecclesiastes 24:14; 39:13) (NEB) is thought to
be the oleander. This shrub grows to a height of about 3.6 meters
(12 feet) and has pink or white flowers.
Rue. A garden herb growing one-half to one meter (two to three
feet) high with gray-green foliage and clusters of small yellow
flowers. Rue had a strong odor. It was valued for its antiseptic
and disinfectant qualities. It was also used to flavor foods.
Rye (see Spelt).
Saffron. The product of many varieties of crocus, a flower
which grew from a bulb and produced light-blue flowers.
Crocus blooms were gathered, dried, and pressed into cakes of
saffron. Saffron was used as a coloring for curries and stews. It
was also used as a perfume for the floors of theaters and for
weddings. Solomon was the only Bible writer to refer to saffron
(Song 4:14).
Salt Herb (see Mallow).
Saltwort (see Mallow).
Shittah Tree (see Acacia).
Shittim Wood (see Acacia).
Spelt. An inferior kind of wheat. Although the bread made from
this grain was of a poorer quality than that made from wheat,
spelt was preferred over barley by many in the ancient world. The
KJV translates this word as rye in (Exodus 9:32) and (Isaiah
28:25), and as fitches in (Ezekiel 4:9). Spelt was sown later than
wheat. It thrived in poor soil and under adverse conditions.
Spikenard. A costly oil derived from the dried roots and stems
of the nard, an herb of Asia. This oil was used as a liquid or
made into an ointment. Solomon praised the fragrance of spikenard
(Song 1:12; 4:13-14).
Spikenard was imported from India in alabaster boxes. These
were stored and used only for special occasions. When household
guests arrived, they were usually anointed with this oil. Jesus
was anointed on two occasions as an honored guest (Mark 14:3; John
12:3).
Many spikes grew from a single nard root which produced
clusters of pink flowers. The stems were covered with hair, giving
them a woolly appearance. Some translations of the Bible refer to
spikenard as nard.
Stacte. A resin believed to be an extract of the stems and
branches of the storax tree. Stacte was highly prized as perfume
and as incense. It was one of the ingredients of anointing oil
(Ex. 30:34).
The storax was a small, stiff shrub growing to a height of
about 3 to 6 meters (10-20 feet), which grew abundantly in Lebanon
and throughout Palestine. Its leaves were dark with grayish-white
undersides. In spring the storax flowered profusely with highly
fragrant white blooms which resembled the orange blossom.
Straw. The dried stalks of various grains such as spelt,
barley, millet, or many kinds of wheat. Straw could also include
stalks of wild grasses. Straw was mixed with grain and used as
fodder (Gen. 24:25; Judg. 19:19; 1 Kin. 4:28). The Egyptians mixed
straw with clay for stronger bricks (Ex. 5:7).
Sycamine (see Mulberry).
Sycamore. A huge evergreen tree growing to a height of about
12 to 15 meters (40-50 feet) with a trunk circumference of over
6.5 meters (20 feet). The trunk forked near the ground, and the
branches grew outward.
The leaves of the sycamore, sometimes called the sycamore fig,
were heart-shaped, resembling the leaves of the mulberry. The
fruit was similar to the true fig but was inferior in quality.
These yellow figs grew in clusters close to the branches.
Sycamores were trees of the plains (1 Kin. 10:27) and could
not tolerate colder climates (Ps. 78:47). The sycamore was the
tree which Zacchaeus climbed to gain a better view of Jesus (Luke
19:4).
Tamarisk. A small tree with thick foliage and spikes of pink
blooms. It provided ample shade for desert travelers (1 Sam.
22:6). The word for tamarisk is translated tree, grove, or oak by
the KJV.
Tares. A poisonous grass resembling wheat, but with smaller
seeds. The tares were usually left in the fields until harvest
time, then separated from the wheat during winnowing. Jesus used
tares growing with wheat as a parable to illustrate evil in the
world (Matt. 13:25-30,36-40). Tares is translated weeds in the RSV
and NIV, and darnel in the NEB.
Teil (see Terebinth).
Terebinth. A large spreading tree which grew to a height of
about 6 to 8 meters (20-26 feet) with reddish-green leaves and red
berries in clusters. The terebinth is mentioned several times in
the Bible. It is sometimes translated as teil (Is. 6:13), elm
(Hos. 4:13), or oak (Gen. 35:4) by the KJV.
Thistles Thorns. General terms for any spiney plant. Such
plants are characteristic of arid and desert regions, Some of
these were brambles, briers, thorny bushes, small trees, weeds,
and prickly herbs. They grew abundantly in Palestine and other
Bible lands, especially along roadsides, in fields, and in dry
places.
The most noted use of thorns in the Bible was the crown of
thorns placed on the head of Jesus on the cross (Matt. 27:29).
This was done by the Romans as a form of mockery.
Some of the thorns and thistles were annuals, scattering their
seed in autumn. The industrious farmer would destroy the plants
before he seeded (Matt. 13:7). Many of them were used as fuel for
ovens (Ps. 58:9; Eccl. 7:6; Is. 33:12).
Thorny shrubs were used as hedges to guard fields and
vineyards (Prov. 15:19; Mark 12:1). The prophet Micah declared
that even the most upright person is "sharper [more destructive]
than a thorn hedge" (Mic. 7:4).
Thyme (see Citron).
Vine (see Grapes).
Watermelon (see Melon).
Wheat. The most important cereal grass mentioned in the Bible.
This was the bearded variety belonging to the genus Triticum. It
was cultivated in Bible lands from early times (Gen. 30:14).
Egyptian wheat was the many-eared variety called "mummy wheat."
This was the wheat of Pharaoh's dream (Gen. 41:5-57). It was also
depicted on Egyptian monuments.
Wheat was sown after barley in November or December. It was
usually broadcast and then either plowed or trodden into the soil
by oxen or other animals (Is. 32:20). This grain was used for
bread (Ex. 29:32), and was also eaten parched (Lev. 23:14; Ruth
2:14). It was used in ceremonial offerings (Lev. 2:1; 24:5-7) and
as an article of commerce (Ezek. 27:17; Acts 27:38).
When corn is mentioned in the Bible, it refers to wheat, as
corn was not known in Bible times (Ps. 72:16; Matt. 12:1; Mark
4:28). Jesus compared His death to a grain of wheat which must die
to produce fruit (John 12:24).
Willow. A tree which grew to about 9 to 12 meters (30-40 feet)
and had reddish-brown bark; narrow, pointed leaves; and flowers or
catkins which hung downward. Willow branches were used to
construct the booths for the Feast of Tabernacles (Lev. 23:40).
The Israelites hung their harps on willows while in Babylon.
Some biblical scholars think the willow mentioned in the Bible
was actually the poplar or Euphrates Aspen. The word for willow is
consistently translated as poplar by the NIV. (Isaiah 44:4) is
translated poplar by the NEB and NASB as well. Also see Poplar.
Wormwood. A woody shrub covered with small green leaves, with
greenish-yellow flowers growing in clusters. Wormwood grows in the
desert regions of Palestine and Syria. This plant is mentioned
many times in the Bible. It had a bitter taste and a strong aroma
(Jer. 9:15).
Wormwood was used symbolically to refer to any calamity or
bitter experience (Deut. 29:18; Prov. 5:4; Amos 5:7; Rev.
8:10-11). An intoxicating drink could also be made from this plant
(Lam. 3:15). Wormwood is sometimes translated as bitter weeds or
hemlock (Amos 6:12), Kjv.